پاسخ تشریحی بورد ارتوپدی ۱۴۰۵

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 35 - Glenohumeral Instability (Associated injuries: rotator cuff tears in patients aged 40 and older)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 46 - Shoulder and Elbow Injuries (Patte [hornblower] sign; External rotation lag sign; Drop sign)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 47 (Latarjet technique: musculocutaneous nerve deep to conjoined tendon); Rockwood, Ch. 35 - Glenohumeral Instability (Complications: neurologic injury after Latarjet)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 25 - Benign Bone Tumors (Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous radiofrequency ablation)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 27 - Malignant Tumors of Bone (Osteosarcoma: parosteal osteosarcoma)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 28 - Soft-Tissue Tumors (Evaluation and staging; Liposarcoma)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 25 - Benign Bone Tumors and Nonneoplastic Conditions (Fibrous Lesions: Nonossifying fibroma)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 27 - Malignant Tumors of Bone (Ewing Sarcoma: treatment)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 14 - Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; gadolinium subtraction / perfusion MRI)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 29 — Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Extremity, Congenital Clubfoot / Ponseti Casting Technique

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 23 — Infections of the Musculoskeletal System (Outcomes of Osteomyelitis; CA-MRSA)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 30 — Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Hip and Pelvis (Medial [Ludloff] approach, Technique 30.4)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 30 — DDH, Infant (6 to 18 months)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 36 — Skeletal Dysplasias, Achondroplasia (Pathophysiology; Radiographic Findings)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 82 — Disorders of the Hallux, Box 82.2 (Observations on Weight-Bearing Lateral Views); Tachdjian Ch. 19 — Flexible Flatfoot / Cavovarus

منبع: Rockwood & Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 63 — Tibia and Fibula Shaft Fractures (Start point / Figs. 63-18 to 63-20)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 11 — Ankle Arthrodesis (Transfibular/Transmalleolar Arthrodesis with Fibular Strut Graft, Technique 11.5; Arthroscopic Arthrodesis)

منبع: Rockwood & Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 66 — Fractures and Dislocations of the Talus (ORIF of Lateral Talar Process Fractures; Fig. 66-34)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 26 — Malignant Tumors, Rhabdomyosarcoma (IRS clinical grouping; Lawrence-Gehan staging)

منبع: Rockwood & Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 68 — Fractures and Dislocations of the Midfoot and Forefoot (Lisfranc ligament complex; Fig. 68-21)

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins' Fractures in Children, Ch. 17 — Lateral Condylar and Capitellar Fractures of the Distal Humerus (Nonoperative Treatment / Immobilization)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 20 — Limb Length Discrepancy (Table: Treatment of Leg Length Inequality)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 15 — Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (Prophylactic Pinning of the Contralateral Hip; Endocrine Factors)

منبع: Rockwood & Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 8 — Outcome Studies in Trauma (Evidence-Based Orthopaedics; The Hierarchy of Evidence; Table 8-1)

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins' Fractures in Children, Ch. 7 — Pathologic Fractures and Nonaccidental Injuries (Soft Tissue Injuries; Table 7-5)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 11 — Other Anatomic Disorders of the Spine (Symptomatic Spondylolysis); Campbell Ch. 40 — Spondylolisthesis

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 44 — Scoliosis and Kyphosis (Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis — role of MRI; Syringomyelia)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 8 Disorders of the Neck - Congenital Muscular Torticollis (clinical presentation and figure)

منبع: Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children, Ch. 21 Cervical Spine Injuries in Children - Initial Management and Transport (Fig. 21-4)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 49 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures and Dislocations - TLICS (Table 49-1) and Nonoperative Treatment

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 46 Chest Wall Injuries - Operative Treatment, Indications/Contraindications

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 20 General Principles of Infection - Prophylactic Antibiotics and Dental Procedures (Table 20.4)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 48 Cervical Spine Fractures and Dislocations - Central Cord Syndrome (Fig. 48-22, Fig. 48-57)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 41 Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of the Spine - Halo Vest Immobilization and Cervical Orthoses

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 39 Degenerative Disorders of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine - Thoracic Disc Disease, Treatment Results and Operative Treatment

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 42 Infections and Tumors of the Spine - Hemangioma

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 40 Spondylolisthesis - Radiographic Pelvic Parameters and Spinopelvic Alignment (Slip Angle, Fig. 40.7A)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 38 Degenerative Disorders of the Cervical Spine - Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Injection (Technique 38.1, Fig. 38.3)

منبع: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, Ch. 9 Scoliosis - Congenital Scoliosis: Defects of Segmentation and Natural History

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Table 7.2 (MSIS Criteria for Prosthetic Joint Infection) and Ch. 3 Box 3.3 (2018 ICM Criteria)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 7 Imaging Considerations in Orthopaedic Trauma - Traumatic Arthrotomy and Open Fractures

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Limb Length Discrepancy (Figure 3.108)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 51 Acetabulum Fractures - Vascular anatomy of the femoral head (Fig. 51-35); Ch. 52 Hip Dislocations and Femoral Head Fractures

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 6 Hip Pain in the Young Adult and Hip Preservation Surgery - History; Ch. 51 Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity - Femoroacetabular Impingement

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 50 Pelvic Ring Injuries - Iliosacral/Transsacral Screw Fixation, Fig. 50-67 ("Skin insertion points for IS-style screws (blue circle) and sacral-style screws (red circle)... For sacral style and transsacral style screws, the skin insertion site is in the posteroinferior quadrant but closer to the intersection of the two lines")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Preoperative Evaluation ("patients with high fructosamine (>293 micromol/L) were 11.2 times more likely to develop a prosthetic joint infection"); Ch. 20 General Principles of Infection - Glucose

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Osteochondritis Dissecans ("The patient may walk with an externally rotated gait to avoid contact of the medial femoral condyle with the medial tibial spine (Wilson sign)")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Knee Dislocations, Fig. 45.142 "Rehabilitation protocol after multiple ligament reconstruction" (Harner CD et al., J Bone Joint Surg 86A:262, 2004)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Complications, Neurologic Injuries ("Modular head exchange and/or femoral shortening have been used to treat sciatic palsy attributed to overlengthening"; "complete sciatic palsy occurred with lengthenings of 4 to 5.1 cm")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Failed Hip Fracture Surgery ("a longer stem is required to bypass screw holes by approximately two bone diameters"; "We prefer cementless femoral fixation in these cases also")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 6 Hip Pain in the Young Adult and Hip Preservation Surgery - Radiographic Evaluation & PAO Indications ("The distinction between isolated anterior overcoverage and retroversion of the entire acetabulum is crucial because the surgical treatment is different for these two conditions"; "Pincer-type FAI with global acetabular retroversion is another indication for PAO")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 62 Tibial Plateau Fractures - Associated Ligamentous Injuries; Ch. 61 Knee Dislocations - Posterolateral Corner

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Meniscal Posterior Root Tears ("a root tear resulted in increased tibiofemoral contact pressure equal to that following a total meniscectomy, whereas repair restored contact pressure to that of the uninjured knee"; "Repairs are recommended for active patients... with no significant osteoarthritis, joint-space narrowing, or malalignment")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Infection (2018 ICM criteria: chronic synovial WBC 3000 cells/microL, PMN 90%, CRP 10 mg/L); Ch. 20 General Principles of Infection

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 52 Hip Dislocations and Femoral Head Fractures - Operative Treatment ("If the hip is within the acetabulum, but the reduction is incongruent, then the offending structure needs to be removed... If there are small fragments, an arthroscopic approach is preferred, if there are large fragments then an anterior approach or a surgical dislocation is preferred")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 50 Pelvic Ring Injuries - Imaging, Computed Tomography ("radiographs done in the elderly may be difficult to interpret because of the osteopenia... The CT scan can aid in the recognition of many of these injuries that go undetected on plain radiographs")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 57 Femoral Shaft Fractures - Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing, Starting Point / Fig. 57-30 ("the proper starting point is just anterior to the posterior cruciate ligament origin"; "the femur has 5 to 9 degrees of valgus, therefore the starting point should not be perpendicular to the femoral joint line but in line with the canal of the femur")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 59 Lower Extremity Periprosthetic Fractures - Periprosthetic Femur Fractures About THA ("Even when a careful preoperative evaluation indicates that the stem is stable, intraoperative evaluation of the stem should be performed for confirmation"; "Femoral component revision... is indicated for Vancouver type B2 and B3 fractures where the femoral stem is loose")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Radiographic Evaluation, Cementless Femoral Components (Engh classification) ("Subsidence of a cementless femoral component early in the postoperative course may allow the stem to attain a more stable position within the femoral canal. Bone ingrowth may still occur, and early subsidence is still compatible with durable implant fixation")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 56 Atypical Femur Fractures - Operative Treatment / Surgical Technique ("the starting point is extremely important, as malalignment, particularly in varus, is strongly correlated with failure and increased healing time, regardless of patient factors, implant factors, or reaming")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty, Acetabular Reconstruction ("use the bone graft only as filler material and not as a structural support for the new implant. The intact peripheral rim of the acetabulum should be able to provide implant stability")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 14e, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Prosthetic Design, Cruciate-Substituting / Deep-Dish Designs ("...without the obligatory bone sacrifice in the intercondylar region of the femur, which may predispose to fracture")

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 14 Management of the Multiply Injured Patient - Assessment of Resuscitation / Early Appropriate Care ("The pH and base excess are less specific than lactate... thus, lactate is the most reliable indicator of resuscitation"; "pH 7.25 or higher, base excess of at least -5.5 mmol/L, or lactate less than 4.0 mmol/L")

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.21 Osteomyelitis - Biodegradable Antibiotic Delivery Systems

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.6 Hip Pain in the Young Adult and Hip Preservation Surgery - Physical Examination

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins' Fractures in Children, Ch.23 Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures - Widening of the Symphysis Pubis

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.12 Principles and Biomechanics of Internal Fixation - Lag Screw Technique

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.9 Soft-Tissue Procedures and Osteotomies About the Knee - Table 9.6, Prognostic Factors for Arthroscopic Debridement of Osteoarthritic Knee

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.51 Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity - Box 51.2, Authors' Preferred Techniques for Meniscal Repair

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.58 Distal Femur Fractures - Dual-Implant Constructs / Nail-Plate Combination

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.61 Knee Dislocations - Vascular Assessment (Ankle-Brachial Index)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.53 Femoral Neck Fractures - Authors' Preferred Treatment (Younger Patients With Risk Factors)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.4 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease - Denosumab

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.3 Arthroplasty of the Hip - Protrusio Acetabuli

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.54 Trochanteric Hip Fractures - Tip-Apex Distance; Implant Cut-Out Due to Varus Collapse

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.51 Acetabulum Fractures - Both-Column Fractures / Transverse Fractures (Letournel classification)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.2 Advanced Imaging in Orthopaedics - Osteochondritis Dissecans (Figs. 2.8, 2.24); Ch.32 Osteochondrosis

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch.62 Peripheral Nerve Injuries - Nerve Transfer for Ulnar Nerve Reconstruction (Technique 62.13, Mackinnon and Novak)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.17 Acute Compartment Syndrome - Differential (Delta) Muscle Pressure

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.45 Hand Fractures and Dislocations - Middle Phalanx ORIF, Midaxial Approach

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch.19 Soft Tissue Coverage for Injuries and Fractures - Local/Regional Muscle Flaps (Soleus Flap: Middle and Distal Third of the Leg)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 45 Hand Fractures and Dislocations - Authors' Preferred Treatment: Metacarpal Shaft Fractures (Fig. 45-65, 45-66)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 42 Diaphyseal Fractures of the Radius and Ulna - Nonoperative Treatment: Indications and Contraindications

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 20 Principles of Nerve Injuries and Their Management - Nerve Repair / Nerve Grafting

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 36 Proximal Humeral Fractures - Hemiarthroplasty (Humeral Head Replacement) for Fracture: Preoperative Planning Checklist

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 46 Shoulder and Elbow Injuries - Calcific Tendinitis

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 71 Paralytic Hand - Transfer of the Palmaris Longus Tendon (Camitz); and Ch. 77 Compressive Neuropathies of the Hand, Forearm and Elbow

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 14 Management of the Multiply Injured Patient - Spine; Controversies in Care: Timing of Definitive Management. Campbell's Ch. 53 General Principles of Fracture Treatment

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 36 Proximal Humeral Fractures - Locking Plating: Potential Pitfalls and Preventive Measures; Nonoperative Treatment Protocol

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 33 Scapular Fractures - Classification: Fracture of the Surgical Neck (Fig. 33-13)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 46 Shoulder and Elbow Injuries - Anatomy and Biomechanics (scapulothoracic musculature)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 62 Peripheral Nerve Injuries - Brachial Plexus anatomy

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 46 Shoulder and Elbow Injuries - Massive and Irreparable Tears; Coracoacromial Arch

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 49 General Principles of Arthroscopy - Irrigation Systems

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 35 Glenohumeral Instability - Imaging: MR Arthrography in the ABER position

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 62 Peripheral Nerve Injuries - Spinal Accessory Nerve

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 27 Malignant Tumors of Bone - Chondrosarcoma (clear cell variant) and its Treatment

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 33 Cerebral Palsy - Foot and Ankle: Calcaneus Deformity

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Ch. 29 Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Extremity - Tibial Hemimelia: Clinical Findings and Treatment (Jones types)

منبع: Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children, Ch. 30 Ankle Fractures - Dias-Tachdjian Classification: Pronation-Eversion-External Rotation

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins Fractures in Children (2025), Ch.14 Supracondylar Fractures of the Distal Humerus - Surgical Approach; Authors' Preferred Treatment for Flexion-Type Fractures

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins Fractures in Children (2025), Ch.16 Medial Epicondyle Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow - Applied Anatomy; Avulsion Mechanisms

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins Fractures in Children (2025), Ch.29 Fractures of the Shaft of the Tibia and Fibula - Complications: Malrotation

منبع: Rockwood & Wilkins Fractures in Children (2025), Ch.19 Shoulder Dislocation and Fractures of the Proximal Humerus and Humeral Shaft - Operative Treatment; Fig. 19-31

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.80 Congenital Anomalies of the Hand - Macrodactyly (Techniques 80.58 Debulking, 80.59 Epiphysiodesis)

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.67 Calcaneus Fractures - Wound Complications and Calcaneal Osteomyelitis

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.66 Fractures and Dislocations of the Talus - ORIF of Talar Neck Fractures; Surgical Pitfalls; Malunion of the Talar Neck

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.29 Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Extremity - Limb Lengthening; Fig. 29.123; Technique 29.46

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.50 Arthroscopy of the Foot and Ankle; Ch.1 Surgical Techniques - lateral (Kocher/Ollier) approaches to the subtalar joint

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.11 Ankle Arthrodesis - Clinical Evaluation; Fig. 11.7 (Kerkhoff et al., Foot Ankle Int 2017)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.84 Lesser Toe Abnormalities - table of lesser toe deformities and treatment; Mallet Toe

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.11 Principles of External Fixation - Wires; Fig. 11-40; Small Wire External Fixation

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.24 Stress Fractures - Pathophysiology

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.35 Neuromuscular Disorders - Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Techniques 35.9 (Jones) and 35.10 (Hibbs)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.44 Scoliosis and Kyphosis - Scheuermann Disease: Orthotic Treatment and Operative Treatment

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.55 Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures - Potential Pitfalls and Preventive Measures; Fig. 55-6

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.54 Trochanteric Hip Fractures - Fracture Reduction; Implant Cut-Out Due to Varus Collapse and the Cut-In Phenomenon

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics (2021), Ch.2 Advanced Imaging in Orthopaedics - Knee: Pathologic Conditions of Menisci; Wrist: TFCC

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (2025), Ch.30 Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment - Authors' Preferred Technique (bone graft harvest and grading)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 51 Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity - Femoroacetabular Impingement: 'Mardones et al. showed that up to 30% of the femoral head-neck junction can be resected without producing a significant increase in the risk of femoral neck fracture.'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Classification of Meniscal Tears: 'the posterior root tear, which is a type of radial tear at the posterior root attachment of the meniscus, and the ramp lesion ... Menisco-capsular tears such as ramp lesions are not as easily detected by MRI and therefore should be evaluated at the time of arthroscopy.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 60 Patellar Fractures and Dislocations - Postoperative Care: 'For fractures with stable internal fixation, we recommend early physiotherapy and weight bearing as tolerated with a hinged knee brace while limiting flexion to 30 degrees for 4 weeks, at which time ROM is progressed.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 54 Trochanteric Hip Fractures - Extramedullary vs Cephalomedullary implants: 'the intramedullary nail is the modern golden standard in unstable trochanteric fractures ... A meta-analysis of review studies reported that the difference is significant for lower reoperation rate using an intramedullary implant.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 57 Femoral Shaft Fractures - Nonunion: 'Several large studies have not shown any dramatic healing effect by dynamizing statically locked IMNs. In a series of 24 patients, dynamization of nonunions failed to achieve union in 42% of cases.'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Popliteal Tendon / Popliteus Muscle and Ligament: 'The popliteal tendon attachment on the femur is always anterior to the LCL. The average distance between the femoral attachments of the popliteal tendon and the LCL is 18.5 mm.'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 51 Arthroscopy of the Lower Extremity - ACL graft selection and donor morbidity: 'The weakness from harvesting two hamstrings approaches 20%. Injury to the saphenous nerve from graft harvest can be detrimental.' (see also Fig. 51.21, saphenous nerve adjacent to gracilis and semitendinosus deep to sartorius)

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Iliotibial Band: 'The iliotibial band inserts into the lateral epicondyle of the femur and then passes in its broad expansion between the lateral aspect of the patella and the more posterior location of the biceps femoris to insert into the lateral tibial (Gerdy's) tubercle.'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Flexion Contracture Correction: 'When excessive distal femoral resection is performed in an effort to obtain extension, the knee may be stable in full extension because of a posterior tension band effect, but with slight flexion the knee may lack enough varus-valgus stability ... A constrained condylar type of prosthesis may be necessary to resolve this midflexion instability, or in some severe cases, a hinge-type of implant.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 54 Trochanteric Hip Fractures - Proximal Femoral Locking Plate: 'The resulting fixation will be static with no opportunity for any collapse to occur at the fracture site.' (Medoff plate: 'allows compression/collapse at the fracture site to occur ... that would not be possible with a standard sliding hip screw')

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 7 Arthroplasty of the Knee - Infection, antibiotic suppression: 'Antibiotic suppression generally is indicated only when prosthesis removal is not feasible ... and the infecting microorganism is of low virulence and susceptible to an oral antibiotic of low toxicity. Antibiotic suppression should not be considered in patients with multiple joint arthroplasties who run the risk of hematogenously seeding their unaffected joints should antibiotic suppression fail.'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Meniscal biomechanics and root injuries: 'In an ACL-deficient knee, medial meniscectomy has been shown to increase tibial translation by 58% at 90 degrees, whereas primary anterior and posterior translations were not affected by lateral meniscectomy ... root tears of the medial meniscus have been shown to increase translational and rotational instability ... Lateral root injury was found to reduce the stability of the ACL-deficient knee in rotational loading.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 58 Distal Femur Fractures - Concomitant Ligament Injuries: 'Concomitant ligamentous injuries to the knee are uncommonly associated with distal femur fractures ... The anterior cruciate ligament is the most commonly injured ligament.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 53 Femoral Neck Fractures - Posterior Tilt (Palm): 'clustering around a cut-off of 20 degrees as an indicator of increased risk of reoperation after fixation ... Treatment failure was reported in 24.4% of patients with posterior tilt of 20 degrees or more compared with 10.9% of patients with posterior tilt less than 20 degrees (risk ratio 2.73).'

منبع: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2021, Ch. 45 Knee Injuries - Abrasion Chondroplasty, Microfracture: 'the fibrocartilaginous repair appears to deteriorate with time, beginning at about 18 months after surgery'; and 'The subchondral bone is then perforated or microfractured with multiple drill holes, allowing access for vascularity onto the surface defect to produce a replacement fibrocartilaginous covering.'

منبع: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, Ch. 43 Fractures of the Distal Radius and Ulna - Predicting Instability (Lafontaine): 'Dorsal angulation more than 20 degrees; Dorsal comminution; Intra-articular radiocarpal fracture; Associated ulna fracture; Age over 60.'

منبع: Medical ethics - principles of allocation of scarce organs (justice and utility); active substance use as a relative contraindication to transplantation. No orthopaedic textbook source applies.

منبع: Medical ethics - classification of euthanasia (active/passive, voluntary/involuntary/non-voluntary) and its distinction from withholding futile treatment; euthanasia in all forms is impermissible under Iranian law and Islamic medical ethics. No orthopaedic textbook source applies.